La alimentación de los enfermos en los hospitales de la edad moderna, el caso de Vitoria (Álava, España) / A alimentação dos doentes nos hospitais na era moderna, o caso de Vitoria (Álava, Espanha) / Feeding the sick in hospitals in the modern age, the case of Vitoria (Álava, Spain)

El conocimiento sobre alimentación en los hospitales de laedad moderna en España está sustentado en documentaciónde muy pocos centros, mayoritariamente de grandes urbes,siendo necesarias nuevas aportaciones para ampliar la evidenciaexistente. A tal objeto se ha analizado la documentación delhospital Santiago de Vitoria, un hospital y una ciudad másrepresentativos de la mediana peninsular.Se ha hallado un inequívoco enfoque económico de ladocumentación sobre alimentos y la consignación de suadquisición solo recoge gastos extraordinarios, mayoritariamentealimentos destinados a la botica (80% de los asientos). Ladieta basal solo nos es conocida por su descripción teórica,anotándose su gasto por número de raciones o su fracción.Se evidencia una supervisión triple en su preparación yadministración, así como una cuidada prescripción médicade los alimentos en las dietas individualizadas.En conclusión, los gastos no evidencian el consumo efectivo nitampoco representan la dieta real, pues la inmensa mayoría delos alimentos consignados estuvieron destinados a la botica yno a la alimentación de los enfermos. Debe preguntarse si losestudios precedentes, que utilizan también datos de gastos,no han hecho una mala interpretación de estos extrapolandoerróneamente una dieta magnífica cuando, en el caso vitoriano,tuvo una composición de clases populares.

Knowledge of hospital food in modern-age hospitals in Spainis based on documentation from very few centers, mostlyin large cities, and new contributions are needed to expandthe existing evidence. To this end, the documentation of theSantiago de Vitoria hospital has been analysed, a hospital nd a city more representative of the peninsular median.An unequivocal economic focus has been found in thedocumentation on foodstuffs, and the record of their acquisitiononly includes extraordinary expenses, mainly foodstuffsdestined for the apothecary's shop (80% of the entries). Thebasal diet is only known to us by its theoretical description,and its expenditure is recorded by number of portions ortheir fraction. There is evidence of triple supervision in itspreparation and administration, as well as careful medicalprescription of the food in the individualised diets.In conclusion, the expenditures do not show the actualconsumption, nor do they represent the real diet, since thevast majority of the food items recorded were destined for thepharmacy and not for the feeding of the sick. It must be askedwhether previous studies, which also use expenditure data,have not misinterpreted these data by wrongly extrapolatinga magnificent diet when, in the case of Vitoria, it was madeup of the working classes.(AU)

O conhecimento da alimentação hospitalar nos hospitais daIdade Moderna em Espanha baseia-se na documentação deum número muito reduzido de centros, principalmente nasgrandes cidades, e são necessárias novas contribuições paraampliar a evidência existente. Para o efeito, analisámos adocumentação do hospital de Santiago de Vitoria, um hospitale uma cidade mais representativos da mediana peninsular.Na documentação relativa aos géneros alimentícios, encontramosum enfoque económico inequívoco, sendo que o registoda sua aquisição apenas inclui despesas extraordinárias,sobretudo géneros destinados à botica (80% das entradas).A dieta basal só nos é conhecida pela sua descrição teórica,e a sua despesa é registada pelo número de porções oupela sua fração. Há indícios de uma tripla vigilância na suapreparação e administração, bem como de uma cuidadosaprescrição médica dos alimentos nas dietas individualizadas.Em conclusão, as despesas não mostram o consumo real nemrepresentam a dieta real, uma vez que a grande maioria dosalimentos registados se destinava à farmácia e não à alimentaçãodos doentes. É de perguntar se estudos anteriores, que tambémutilizam dados de despesas, não terão interpretado mal estesdados, extrapolando erradamente uma dieta magnífica quando,no caso de Vitória, era constituída pelas classes populares.(AU)

Individualised nutritional treatment increases the positive effects of a novel á la carte hospital food service concept: Results of a quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: One-third of hospitalised patients are at nutritional risk, and limited choice regarding meals and meal times, and inadequate nutritional support may contribute to inadequate nutritional intake during hospitalisation. The aim was to test the effect of a novel á la carte hospital food service concept as a stand-alone intervention and combined with individualised nutritional treatment. METHODS: Medical inpatients at nutritional risk were recruited for this three-arm quasi-experimental study. The control group received meals from the traditional bulk trolley food service system. Intervention group 1 (IG1) received meals from a novel á la carte food service concept with an electronic ordering system, whereas intervention group 2 (IG2) in addition to this received individualised nutritional treatment by a clinical dietitian. Nutritional intake and length of stay was measured, and patient satisfaction was assessed with purpose-designed questionnaires. RESULTS: 206 patients were included: 67 in the control group, 68 in IG1, and 71 in IG2. The proportion of participants reaching ≥75 % of both their energy and protein requirement was higher in IG1 compared to the control group (34 % vs. 12 %, p = 0.002) and higher in IG2 compared to IG1 (53 % vs. 34 %, p = 0.035). Length of stay was shorter in IG2 compared to the control group (6.0 vs. 8.7 days, p = 0.005). It was important to participants to be able to choose when and what to eat, and this preference was met to a larger extent in the intervention groups. CONCLUSION: The novel á la carte concept increases energy and protein intake in hospitalised patients, and the positive effects are increased, when the concept is used in combination with individualised nutritional treatment.

Developing, translating, and validating a survey instrument for assessing hospital food service staff's food safety knowledge, perceptions, and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a questionnaire to assess the food safety knowledge, perceptions, and practices (KPPs) of hospital food service staff (FSS) amidst the challenges of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: The questionnaire was subjected to a rigorous evaluation process, which included a literature review and focus groups comprising the general public, FSS, and key experts in food service. The pilot testing highlighted its utility and determined its content validity ratio (CVR). RESULTS: Most items received high CVR scores of 0.96, indicating excellent content validity. A subsequent pilot study involved 40 FSS. Reliability testing, using Cronbach's alpha value of 0.914, demonstrated good internal consistency across the questionnaire scales. The final version consisted of 115 items. CONCLUSION: The developed questionnaire, available in both English and Arabic, exhibits both validity and reliability. It acts as a crucial tool for healthcare facilities to assess food safety KPPs among FSS, both under regular operations and during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. This tool is adaptable to various hospital settings, aiding in the reduction of foodborne diseases risks.

Managing food waste in the inpatient population.

INTRODUCTION: For medical students, food is rarely discussed from the clinical perspective. Yet, in hospitals reduced food intake poses the risk of malnutrition, along with increased morbidity and mortality. The issue of food waste, a cause of inadequate dietary intake and a common issue within the National Health Service, is rarely addressed. The implementation of protected mealtimes has done little to solve this. This quality improvement project aimed to reduce the average amount of inpatient food waste by 20% by May 2022. METHODS: A standardised meal size intervention was tested. Meals were weighed before and after meal services to collect baseline and postintervention data. The percentage consumed and the percentage wasted were then calculated. Finally, the overall average of the percentage wasted across both meal services was determined. RESULTS: Quantitative data showed a change in the average amount of food waste from 70.16% to 65.75%, a decrease of 4.41%. Survey results also found an increase of 3% in patient satisfaction with meal sizes. CONCLUSION: Standardising meal sizes is shown to improve inpatient food waste and may serve as a starting point for healthcare providers to devise further strategies to reduce wastage in hospitals.

Patient Mealtime Experience: Capturing Patient Perceptions Using a Novel Patient Mealtime Experience Tool.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to describe the mealtime experience using the qualitative components of the Austin Health Patient Mealtime Experience Tool (AHPMET) to complement the quantitative findings of this tool. METHODS: A multiphase, cross-sectional study was undertaken across all sites of Austin Health (Victoria, Australia) between March 2020 and November 2021. Patient mealtime experience was measured using the AHPMET. Descriptive statistics and a deductive thematic analysis approach described the patients' mealtime experiences. RESULTS: Questionnaire data were collected from 149 participants. Patients were most satisfied with staff interactions, and least satisfied with dimensions of food quality, specifically, flavour, presentation, and menu variety. Clinical symptoms, nutrition impact symptoms and the patient's position were barriers to consumption. DISCUSSION: Food quality was perceived as the poorest aspect of patient satisfaction with the hospital foodservice, particularly flavour, presentation, and menu variety. Future foodservice quality improvements must prioritise improving food quality to have the greatest impact on patient satisfaction. While clinical and organisational systems have a role in improving mealtime experience and oral intake, communicating patient perceptions of the mealtime experience is critical for responding to current perceptions of hospital food quality. CONCLUSION: Mealtime experience in the hospital has a significant impact on oral intake and patients' wider perception of hospital services. Questionnaires have been used to capture patient satisfaction with foodservice in the hospital; however, no comprehensive questionnaires including qualitative questions that capture the broader mealtime experience have been validated across different hospital settings. The tool developed through this study can be implemented in any acute and subacute health service to provide feedback and improve the mealtime experience of patients. This has the capacity to improve mealtime intake, mitigate malnutrition, and improve quality of life and patient outcomes.

Is meal order timing and flexibility key to improving patient satisfaction with hospital foodservice?

AIM: The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate and compare patient foodservice (FS) satisfaction using a validated tool and consistent methodology in an acute health service for four different FS models as the organisation transitioned through traditional model (TM), choice at point of service (CaPOS), bedside menu ordering systems (BMOS) and room service (RS) from 2013 to 2016. METHODS: Patient satisfaction data were collected using the Acute Care Hospital Foodservice Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. For the purposes of this study, patients' rating of their overall experience with FS (very good, good, okay, poor or very poor) was compared for each site and model. RESULTS: Satisfaction was significantly higher in the CaPOS and RS models compared with TM. BMOS, although somewhat higher, was not shown to be significantly higher than TM. The RS model was significantly higher than BMOS, but there was no significant difference observed between RS and CaPOS. CONCLUSION: FS models that support patient flexibility and meal ordering closer to the meal delivery time (as seen with RS and CaPOS) show higher patient satisfaction among hospital patients. It is recommended that sites consistently opt to include patient satisfaction as part of routine auditing. This would enable clear conclusions to be drawn regarding best practice FS models, based on specific and individual hospital requirements.

Con E de Enfermera... Nutrición / With E for Nurse... Nutrition

Con más de 40 años de dedicación a la salud y a la alimentación, Marilourdes de Torres, delegada de nutrición en el Consejo General de Enfermería y coordinadora del Comité científico de la Asociación de Enfermeras de Nutrición y Dietética (ADNYD), es pionera en Enfermería de Nutrición de Aragón y tuvo la primera consulta de Enfermería de Nutrición en un hospital terciario de toda España.(AU)

Resultados de la encuesta sobre unidades asistenciales y atención a trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en España. Grupo de Trabajo sobre Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria de SENPE / Results of the survey on care units and caring for eating disorders in Spain. SENPE Working Group on Eating Disorders

Introducción: los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) suponen un reto terapéutico. Objetivo: describir la asistencia a los TCA desde la perspectiva de las unidades de nutrición clínica y dietética (UNCyD) en relación con los recursos humanos y asistenciales, las actividades realizadas y la satisfacción con la atención en España; recoger demandas de los profesionales para mejorar la asistencia. Métodos: estudio transversal y observacional a partir de un cuestionario remitido online a socios de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo (SENPE) y al Área de Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN). Los datos se analizaron según las camas de los hospitales encuestados (< 500/≥ 500). Resultados: 23 respuestas de 8 comunidades autónomas. En el 87 % de las UNCyD se prestaba atención a los TCA; el 65,2 % contaban con un proceso específico; el 91,3 % colaboraban con Psiquiatría; el 34,8 % tenían área propia de hospitalización; el 56,5 % disponían de hospital de día pero participaban en él el 21,7 %; el 39,1 % tenían consulta monográfica; se realizaba educación nutricional en el 87 %, sobre todo por enfermería; se prescribían frecuentemente dietas individualizadas y suplementos orales en el 39,1 y el 56,5 %, respectivamente; solo los hospitales más grandes participaban en investigación sobre TCA (62,5 %); y el 21,7 % colaboraban con asociaciones de pacientes. Los hospitales con ≥ 500 camas disponían de más recursos y estaban más satisfechos. Los profesionales demandaban recursos y procesos consensuados con psiquiatría. Conclusiones: los recursos y las prácticas asistenciales son dispares en las UNCyD encuestadas, así como la colaboración multidisciplinar. La evidencia recogida permite diseñar estrategias de mejora en este ámbito. (AU)

Introduction: eating disorders (EDs) entail a therapeutic challenge. Objective: to describe ED care from the perspective of Nutrition Units (NU) in relation to human and care resources, the activities carried out, and satisfaction with care in Spain; to collect demands from professionals to improve assistance. Methods: a cross-sectional, observational study based on a questionnaire sent online to members of the Spanish Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (SENPE) and to the Nutrition Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN). The data were analyzed according to number of beds of the hospitals surveyed (< 500/≥ 500). Results: 23 responses from 8 autonomous communities. In 87 % of NUs care was given to eating disorders; 65.2 % had a specific process; 91.3 % collaborated with Psychiatry; 34.8 % had their own hospitalization area; 56.5 % had a day hospital, but 21.7 % participated in it; 39.1 % had a monographic consultation office; nutritional education was carried out in 87 %, especially by nursing; individualized diets and oral supplements were frequently prescribed in 39.1 % and 56.5 %, respectively; only the largest hospitals participated in research on EDs (62.5 %), and 21.7 % collaborated with patient associations. Hospitals with ≥ 500 beds had more resources and were more satisfied. Professionals demanded resources and processes agreed with Psychiatry. Conclusions: resources and care practices are uneven in the NUs surveyed, as well as multidisciplinary collaboration. The collected evidence allows us to design improvement strategies in this area. (AU)

The impact of providing flexible meals on patients' nutritional intake, fasting times and cost when admitted to a trauma unit.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, decreased quality of life, increased length of hospital stay and higher treatment costs. Prevalence rates in Australian hospitals is reported between 30% and 50%. Trauma patients experience significant periods of restricted oral intake resulting from pre-operative fasting for complex and frequent surgical procedures. In addition, they have elevated nutritional requirements for recovery resulting in significant accrued nutritional deficits. The present study hypothesised that not having hot meals available outside of the hospital food service system was contributing to increased nutritional deficits. The study aimed to investigate the impact of providing flexible frozen meals and snacks in a trauma ward, on nutritional intake, cost and duration of perioperative fasting. METHODS: This was a pre- and post-interventional study examining 40 fasting experiences of hospitalised patients in a trauma ward. Frozen meals and snack bags were readily accessible to nursing staff to provide to patients out of kitchen service hours. Nutritional intake and fasting times were measured from patient records and interviews. RESULTS: Implementing flexible food items increased patient nutritional intake by 28% (15%-43%) on the day of fasting. Fasting duration was not significantly reduced (1.73 h); however, when patient fasting was ceased, food was provided more responsively. Nursing staff showed improved satisfaction with project implementation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has demonstrated that provision of food items outside of regular meal service hours is a low cost intervention that improves nutritional intake, provides nutrition more responsively and is well received by nursing staff.

'It's a constant changing environment, and we're just playing catch up': Hospital food services, food waste, and COVID-19.

AIMS: Hospital food service operations have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly resulting in increased waste. The aim of this research was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital food services, particularly on food waste and the completion of food waste audits. METHODS: A qualitative interview research design was used. Semi-structured interviews were completed and recorded via Zoom, focusing on the barriers and enablers towards the completion of hospital food waste audits. Twenty-one participants were interviewed from 12 hospitals. No questions were related to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on hospital food services, however this issue frequently emerged during interviews. Data were coded following inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Five themes were generated from the interviews related to COVID-19 and hospital food services; impacts on practice, labour, change, technology and post-pandemic expectations. Participants reported COVID-19 negatively affected food service operations. Changes included increased food waste, contact restrictions, and labour shortages. Nonetheless, hospitals embraced the challenge and created new positions, trialled different food waste data collection methods, and utilised technology to support food service operations around COVID-19 restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the impact COVID-19 had on hospital food services, including their ability to audit food waste and increased food waste generation, the response from food services has demonstrated their adaptability to change. Sustainable healthcare, including the aggregate measuring and reduction of food waste in hospital food services, is an essential transition post-pandemic, and may be facilitated through the operational changes forced by COVID-19.

Food and food-related waste management strategies in hospital food services: A systematic review.

AIM: This review explored peer-reviewed and grey literature to describe the types and characteristics of food or food-related waste management strategies used in hospital food service settings; their financial, environmental and staffing outcomes; and the barriers and enablers associated with their implementation. METHODS: Six electronic databases, 17 Google Advanced searches, and 19 targeted websites were searched for peer-reviewed and grey literature. Literature reporting the financial, environmental, or staffing outcomes of food or food-related waste management strategies that reused, recovered energy from, or recycled waste instead of sending it to landfill were eligible. Document screening and review were completed in duplicate, and included peer-reviewed literature were assessed for quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Data were synthesised narratively. RESULTS: Four peer-reviewed and 81 grey literature records reported 85 strategies. When grouped from most to least favourable according to the food recovery hierarchy they managed waste by: donating surplus food (n = 21); feeding animals (n = 2); industrial use (n = 11); composting (n = 34) and other (n = 17). These approaches had the capacity to reduce waste hauling fees (n = 14), reduce staff handling of waste (n = 3), and decrease the amount of waste sent to landfill (n = 85). Barriers included contamination of waste streams, while enablers included leadership and time-neutral changes. CONCLUSION: This review summarises the waste management strategies used by hospitals worldwide that divert food and food-related waste from landfill, their outcomes, and position in the food recovery hierarchy to enable hospital food services to implement appropriate practice and policy changes to decrease their environmental footprint.

The Hospital Food Experience Questionnaire Predicts Adult Patient Food Intake.

Purpose: Describe food/beverage intake among all patients and those with low meal intake and determine if the Hospital Food Experience Questionnaire (HFEQ), or its shorter version (HFEQ-sv), predicts food intake while considering patient (e.g., gender) and hospital characteristics (e.g., foodservice model).Methods: Cross-sectional study of 1087 adult patients from 16 hospitals in Ontario, Canada. The valid and reliable HFEQ assessed patients' meal quality perceptions. Visual estimation determined overall meal and food/beverage intake using the Comstock method. Binary logistic regressions tested the association between patient and hospital characteristics and whether HFEQ or HFEQ-sv scores added utility in predicting overall meal intake (≤50% vs. ≥75%).Results: Approximately 29% of patients consumed ≤50% of their meal. Models assessing patient and hospital characteristics and either the HFEQ or the HFEQ-sv were significant (LRT(43) = 72.25, P = 0.003; LRT(43) = 93.46, P < 0.001). Men and higher HFEQ or HFEQ-sv scores demonstrated significantly higher odds of ≥75% meal consumption. Considering HFEQ or HFEQ-sv scores explained greater variance in meal intake and resulted in better model fits.Conclusions: The HFEQ and HFEQ-sv predict patient meal intake when adjusting for covariates and add utility in understanding meal intake. Either version can be confidently used to support menu planning and food delivery to promote food intake.

How to improve food waste management in hospitals through focussing on the four most common measures for reducing plate waste.

Hospitals have a responsibility to link human health and the environment, but food waste in hospitals has traditionally been much higher than in other areas of food supply. The cause of this situation has many negative impacts on health, economy, society, and environment. As a result, food waste has become a topic of discussion in hospital food departments. Part of this problem is plate waste, the served food that remains uneaten by patients. Given the magnitude of the food problem, this systematic review is aimed to identify the most common measures used to reduce plate waste in hospitals. PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were comprehensively searched to identify food waste studies worldwide using related search terms. Many approaches have been recommended to increase patient food intake and minimise plate waste in hospitals. Up to date, the four most common include flexible portion sizes, increased food choices through selective menus, additional nutritional support and a better ordering and delivery system. Among them, the most used and effective are flexible portion sizes which may increase the ability of patients choosing their menus and upgrade ordering and delivery system by electronic format. In most studies, plate waste covers the most significant percentage of food waste produced in hospitals, while more than one approach is recommended to minimise it. In this aspect, further well-design, multicenter, clinical studies are strongly required to highlight and establish novel and effective approaches for improving food waste management in hospitals by reducing plate waste.

Validação de conteúdo e aplicação de instrumento para avaliara aceitação de dietas hospitalares / Content validation and application of an instrument to evaluate the acceptance of hospital diets

Introdução: Apesar de ser fator de risco para a desnutri-ção, a aceitação da dieta hospitalar ainda é pouco estudada,e, na maioria dos serviços de nutrição hospitalar, é avaliadade forma subjetiva. Objetivo: Elaborar, validar o conteúdo e aplicar um instru-mento para avaliar a aceitação das dietas hospitalares. Métodos: Este foi um estudo realizado em um hospital dereferência para o tratamento de doenças infecciosas do Riode Janeiro, Brasil. Após a elaboração do instrumento combase em formulários disponíveis na literatura científica, estefoi enviado a um painel de especialistas para validação deconteúdo através da técnica Delphi modificada, e posterior-mente aplicado em uma amostra de conveniência de 50 pa-cientes hospitalizados, sendo comparado ao método de pesa-gem direta dos restos alimentares através da correlação dePearson. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da ins-tituição e todos os participantes assinaram termo de consen-timento livre e esclarecido. Resultados: O conteúdo do instrumento foi inteiramentevalidado na segunda rodada do painel e sua versão final apre-senta ilustrações que representam as seis refeições diárias,divididas em quatro partes, permitindo o preenchimento pelanutricionista em percentuais, de acordo com o relato do pa-ciente. O almoço e o jantar foram as refeições com menoraceitação, e os motivos mais relatados foram hiporexia, náu-seas e vômitos. Na comparação entre a aceitação aferida peloinstrumento e pelo método de pesagem, a maioria das pre-parações apresentou correlação forte. Conclusões: Consideramos a utilização da técnica Delphimodificada como útil e apropriada para o aperfeiçoamento doinstrumento elaborado. O instrumento constitui-se uma ferra-menta de baixo custo, rápido e simples de aplicar. Espera-seque sua utilização seja ampliada para outras instituições, comas necessárias adaptações, e contribua para a melhor avalia-ção dietética dos pacientes hospitalizados.(AU)

Introduction: Despite being a risk factor for malnutrition,the acceptance of hospital diet is still poorly studied, and inmost hospital nutrition services, it is evaluated subjectively. Aim: To elaborate, validate the content and apply an in-strument to evaluate the acceptance of hospital diets. Methods: This was a study carried out in a referral hospi-tal for the treatment of infectious diseases in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil. After preparing the instrument based on forms avail-able in the scientific literature, the instrument was sent to apanel of experts to be validated using the modified Delphitechnique, and posteriorly, was applied to a sample of hospi-talized patients, and the acceptance obtained compared tothe direct weighing method of food remains through thePearson correlation. The Research Ethics Committee of the in-stitution approved the study and all the participants signed afree and informed consent term. Results: The elaborated instrument was considered vali-dated by the panel in the second round and its final versionpresents illustrations that represent the six meals a day, di-vided into four parts, allowing the nutritionist to fill in per-centages, according to patient’s report. Lunch and dinnerwere the least accepted meals, and the most reported rea-sons were hyporexia, nausea and vomiting. In the compari-son between the acceptance measured by the instrumentand the weighing method, most preparations showed astrong correlation. Conclusions:We consider the use of the modified Delphitechnique as useful and appropriate for the improvement ofthe elaborated instrument. The instrument constituted a lowcost tool, quick and simple to apply. We expect that its usecould be expanded to other institutions, with the necessaryadaptations, contributing to the better dietary assessment ofhospitalized patients.(AU)

Inmunonutrición, cirugía y oncología: un modelo de atenciónnutricional basado en la evidencia / Immunonutrition, surgery and oncology: an evidence-based model of nutritional care

Introducción: La presente revisión de literatura permiteproponer un modelo de acción para identificar oportunamentelos pacientes que requieren cirugía mayor y que puedan be-neficiarse de intervenciones nutricionales como la inmunonu-trición a partir de la evidencia científica. Objetivo: El propósito de esta revisión y síntesis es pro-poner un modelo intervención nutricional en el manejo nutri-cional de los pacientes en el perioperatorio.Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión rápida de laliteratura, a partir de la consulta en las siguientes fuentes dedatos,EMBASE, MEDLINE (Pubmed), Cochrane Database ofSystematic Reviews (Wiley), LILACS (BVS, interfaz iAHx) y elmotor de búsqueda Google Académico. Resultados: Se identificaron 40 artículos, que cumplieroncon los parámetros establecidos para la revisión sistemática ylos criterios de calidad, que permitieron establecer cuatro fa-ses para la propuesta de intervención nutricional en el manejonutricional perioperatorio, tamización nutricional de rutina enconsulta externa, suplementación preoperatoria con dosis te-rapéutica de inmunonutrición, intervención nutricional intra-hospitalaria y seguimiento nutricional postoperatorio.(AU)

Background: The present literature review allows us topropose a model of action for the timely identification of pa-tients who require major surgery and who may benefit fromnutritional interventions such as immunonutrition based onscientific evidence. Objective: The purpose of this review and synthesis is topropose a nutritional intervention model in the nutritionalmanagement of perioperative patients. Material and methods: A quick review of the literaturewas carried out, based on consultation of the following datasources, EMBASE, MEDLINE (Pubmed), Cochrane Database ofSystematic Reviews (Wiley), LILACS (BVS, iAHx interface) andthe Google Scholar search engine. Results: As a result, 40 articles were identified, which metthe parameters established for the systematic review and the quality criteria, which allowed establishing four phases for theproposal of nutritional intervention 360 in perioperative nutri-tional management, routine nutritional screening in outpa-tient clinic, preoperative supplementation with therapeuticdoses of immunonutrition, in-hospital nutritional interventionand postoperative nutritional follow-up. Conclusion: A nutritional intervention model that includesa nutritional contribution with a formula of amino acids (argi-nine and/or glutamine), polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3fatty acid) and a mixture of nucleotides or RNA, is a cost-ef-fective strategy in elective surgery patients for gastrointestinalcancer (stomach and colon cancer), head and neck surgery,patients over 18 years of age.(AU)

Foodservice systems and mealtime models in rehabilitation: Scoping review.

AIMS: To describe current foodservice systems and mealtime care utilized in the rehabilitation setting. A secondary aim was to identify commonly used outcome measures in foodservice research in the rehabilitation setting. DESIGN: A scoping review. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane were searched until January 2022. REVIEW METHODS: The review was conducted according to Joanna Briggs Institute's methodology for scoping reviews. Included studies were conducted in the inpatient rehabilitation setting, adult population ≥18 years old and provided a description of at least one element of the foodservice system, food and menu, waste and/or eating environment. RESULTS: Of 5882 articles screened, 37 articles were included, reporting 31 unique studies. Most rehabilitation units had cook-fresh production methods (50%), used decentralized bulk delivery methods (67%) had a communal dining room (67%) and had a 3-week menu cycle (71%). Mealtime care was predominantly provided by nursing staff, however few studies reported on specific activities. Nutritional intake was a key outcome measure across included studies (43%), with only six papers reporting on rehabilitation outcomes. Of the intervention studies (n = 9), all were aimed at improving nutritional intake through menu or mealtime care modifications; few (n = 3) studied changes in rehabilitation outcomes. CONCLUSION: This scoping review identified a considerable lack of reporting of foodservice and mealtime care systems used in rehabilitation settings in the available literature. Further investigation is required to understand what models of mealtime care are provided to patients and to understand the impact of changes to foodservice and mealtime systems on patient outcomes. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution was necessary for this review.

Evaluación antropométrica, alimentaria y rendimiento físico en escolares / Anthropometric, nutritional and physical performance assessment in school children

Introducción: La etapa de la niñez se caracteriza por un crecimiento lento, constante y progresivo con un incremento de la madurez psicosocial; generalmente los niños participan en distintas actividades de la escuela, donde su rendimiento se encuentra ligado directamente con sus hábitos alimentarios y actividad física. Objetivo: Evaluar los parámetros antropométricos, alimentarios y el rendimiento físico en escolares. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal. Incluyó a 369 niños y niñas entre las edades comprendidas de 6,8 a 12,0 años de la Escuela Particular Clara Prado Olvera del Cantón Palestina-Provincia del Guayas en Ecuador durante el año 2019. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, se tomó medidas antropométricas como el peso y talla, para medir el rendimiento físico se aplicaron 4 test: lanzamiento de balón, flexión de tronco, corrida en metros y burpee. Resultados: La muestra de investigación estuvo constituida por 170 varones y 199 mujeres que representaron el 46,1% y 53,9% respectivamente. La alimentación se caracterizó por un bajo consumo de lácteos, vegetales, frutas, cereales y carnes. Las comidas rápidas y snack se encontraron dentro de los parámetros normales, ingiriéndose lo menos posible. El mayor porcentaje de investigados presentaron un estado nutricional normal de acuerdo a los índices peso/edad, talla/edad/ e IMC/edad. De las 4 pruebas físicas aplicadas se observó que en 3 necesitan mejorar y se evidenció diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) al compararlo con el sexo. Conclusiones: La alimentación balanceada y la actividad física en el escolar, mejora la función cognitiva, estado nutricional y además le permite obtener puntajes más altos en las pruebas de rendimiento físico estandarizadas.(AU)

Introduction: The stage of childhood is characterized byslow, constant and progressive growth with an increase inpsychosocial maturity; generally, children participate in differ-ent school activities, where their performance is directlylinked to their eating habits and physical activity. Objective: Assess anthropometric, food and physical per-formance parameters in schoolchildren. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectionalstudy was carried out. It included 369 boys and girls betweenthe ages of 6 and 12 years from the Clara Prado Olvera Private School of the Palestine Canton-Guayas Province in Ecuadorduring the year 2019. For the collection of information, thefood consumption frequency questionnaire was used, anthro-pometric measurements such as weight and height weretaken, to measure physical performance, 3 tests were applied:ball throw, trunk flexion and running in meters. Results: The research sample consisted of 170 men and199 women. The diet was characterized by a low consump-tion of dairy products, vegetables, fruits, cereals and meats. Fast foods and snacks were within normal parameters, eatingas little as possible. The highest percentage of those investi-gated presented a normal nutritional status according to theindexes weight/age, height/age/ and BMI/age. Of the 3 phys-ical tests applied, it was observed that 2 need improvement. Conclusions: Balanced nutrition and physical activity atschool improves cognitive function, nutritional status and alsoallows you to obtain higher scores on standardized physicalperformance tests.(AU)

Buenas prácticas y manipulación de alimentos en las unidades orgánicas y funcionales de nutrición en el Seguro Social de Salud, EsSalud / Guide to good practices and food handling in the organic and functional units of nutrition in the Social Security of Health, EsSalud

La presente publicación estandariza criterios de buenas prácticas de manipulación de alimentos de las unidades orgánicas y funcionales de nutrición de ESSALUD